在机器学习的领域里,一个经典的示例就是将手写数字的灰度图像划分到10个分类中。
图像是28像素*28像素,10个分类就是0-9。数据集就是mnist。
mnist数据集是机器学习领域的一个经典数据集,包含60000张训练图像和10000张测试图像,由美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)在上个世纪80年代收集得到。
这个问题可以看作是深度学习领域的“hello world”,用它来验证算法是否按预期运行。
马上开始吧!
有两种方法可以加载到数据:
网络下载 from keras.datasets import mnist (train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()这样以不带参数的形式调用load_data, 默认从网络下载,但由于数据在外网,你懂得,经常会下载失败。
Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/tf-keras-datasets/mnist.npz Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1349, in do_open encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding')) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\http\client.py", line 1287, in request self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\http\client.py", line 1333, in _send_request self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\http\client.py", line 1282, in endheaders self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\http\client.py", line 1042, in _send_output self.send(msg) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\http\client.py", line 980, in send self.connect() File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\http\client.py", line 1448, in connect server_hostname=server_hostname) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\ssl.py", line 407, in wrap_socket _context=self, _session=session) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\ssl.py", line 817, in __init__ self.do_handshake() File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\ssl.py", line 1077, in do_handshake self._sslobj.do_handshake() File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\ssl.py", line 689, in do_handshake self._sslobj.do_handshake() TimeoutError: [WinError 10060] 由于连接方在一段时间后没有正确答复或连接的主机没有反应,连接尝试失败。 During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\keras\utils\data_utils.py", line 278, in get_file urlretrieve(origin, fpath, dl_progress) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 248, in urlretrieve with contextlib.closing(urlopen(url, data)) as fp: File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 223, in urlopen return opener.open(url, data, timeout) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 526, in open response = self._open(req, data) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 544, in _open '_open', req) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 504, in _call_chain result = func(*args) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1392, in https_open context=self._context, check_hostname=self._check_hostname) File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1351, in do_open raise URLError(err) urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [WinError 10060] 由于连接方在一段时间后没有正确答复或连接的主机没有反应,连接尝试失败。> During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\keras\datasets\mnist.py", line 62, in load_data '731c5ac602752760c8e48fbffcf8c3b850d9dc2a2aedcf2cc48468fc17b673d1') File "D:\anaconda3\envs\tf2\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\python\keras\utils\data_utils.py", line 282, in get_file raise Exception(error_msg.format(origin, e.errno, e.reason)) Exception: URL fetch failure on https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/tf-keras-datasets/mnist.npz: None -- [WinError 10060] 由于连接方在一段时间后没有正确答复或连接的主机没有反应,连接尝试失败。解决这个问题的一个办法就是在本地加载数据。
本地加载 首先下载数据集到本地:mnist.npz(下载不到,可在评论中留下邮箱地址)修改代码,指定本地路径方式调用load_data()如下:
from keras.datasets import mnist path = r"E:\practice\tf2\mnist.npz" # 修改为数据实际路径 (train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data(path)就ok了。
代码如下:
# 在python交互环境下输入即可 >>> from keras.datasets import mnist >>> path = r"E:\practice\tf2\mnist.npz" # 修改为数据实际路径 >>> path 'E:\\practice\\tf2\\mnist.npz' # 数据路径,我是在win下 # 加载得到训练数据和测试数据,模型在训练数据上进行训练,并在测试数据上进行效果验证测试 >>> (train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data(path) >>> train_images.shape (60000, 28, 28) # 图像是Numpy数组 >>> len(train_labels) 60000 # 标签与图像一一对应 >>> train_labels array([5, 0, 4, ..., 5, 6, 8], dtype=uint8) # 标签是数字数组,取值0-9 # 测试数据同理 >>> test_images.shape (10000, 28, 28) >>> len(test_labels) 10000 >>> test_labels array([7, 2, 1, ..., 4, 5, 6], dtype=uint8)相信注释已经说明了数据集的加载和使用。
至此,已经介绍了mnist数据集及其使用方法。
关于使用mnist数据集进行构造和训练神经网络的内容,我们后续介绍。
《python深度学习》
